Is it worth?

Many days were allotted by our group to look for a company. After the long walk and negative responses from other companies, eventually, we received a positive response from DCT Printshop. The first proposal that was made, unfortunately, was rejected. We were told that the proposed system was low average. But life must go on. We have to look for another proposal. Then we received a recommendation from our instructor to take the student registration management information system (SRMIS), that is, within our department only. The group accepted it and moved right away. We were told that we had to provide a letter to the registrar’s office and to the department of institute of computing (IC), which we did. But then, again, the registrar’s office refused the proposal. Since we did not have any other options, the group decided to look for another company.

Going back from the time when we had our first visit in our first company – DCT Printshop, the first and second department which are to be found upstairs told us that they did not have any problem with their automated systems. While sitting on a bench and feeling sad, Sir Alfredo Tesoro, the VP-Administration and Sales in the company called us and then we had a discussion. We asked him if there is any data processing which is done manually and we also asked for a suggestion on what he wants for the company or if he wants to have enhancement in any of the systems. Based on the information that we have gathered and on what the VP-Admin have suggested and after the analysis that we have done, the group decided to propose a job requisition, inventory and monitoring system that would simplify their traditional mode of managing records and to keep an eye on the scheduled dates of the yearbook. The system entails a list of records from the job-orders given by the clients, the progress in the processing and production of the yearbook.

Given the question, “Think about your approved/proposed systems, is it worth the three or more years of learning you get from the university?” I would say that the proposed system is very simple or easy to develop for those who are experts like systems analysts/developer. Not like me, I am not that good enough in developing a system, I am still an amateur and still in the process. But I am still working on it. Maybe, someday, somehow, ten years from now, when the time comes I might be able to develop any of the systems. And as part of information technology (IT), it is really part of our job to help companies solve their problems with regard to their information system. Although we could say that the proposed system is not worth the three or more years of learning, but due to knowledge and time constraints, it is also one of the reasons why the group arrived with the proposal. Going back from the time when we had our database analysis and design 1, 2 and 3, we were also asked to develop a specific system. This time, we are facing another challenging task. But I know it doesn’t end up here, there are still more and more tasks to come.

Well, honestly, as part of information technology (IT) and being an IT student, although it is not so obvious, I also think of something that I can contribute to the world of IT, something that is new, valuable and exceptional, something that I can be proud of. But this is now the question, what is that something?

Allow me to share with you this; although it is not so related to the topic, I just want to express this realization and appreciation of mine. As I still remember, when green campus computing and free open source software (FOSS) were introduced to us, I told myself, “This is really great.” In my own little ways, I was able to help preserve the green planet. But we are not just an advocate; we put it into practice. So, I have now my first answer to that something and that is being part of green campus computing and FOSS. But I am still looking for more.

To everyone, Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year !

Critical Success Factor

To begin, when I first heard these words – critical success factor (CSF), I had these questions in mind – What is CSF? Is that for what? How does it work? But that was long time ago. Now that I was asked to identify the steps for CSFs approach, let us first answer those questions.

Critical success factors (CSFs) according to Deborah Muckle are the things that must go right for a business to succeed. And stated in Wikipedia, CSF is a business term for an element which is necessary for an organization or project to achieve its mission. They are the critical factors or activities required for ensuring the success of your business. The term was initially used in the world of data analysis, and business analysis.

Rockart defined CSFs as:
"The limited number of areas in which results, if they are satisfactory, will ensure successful competitive performance for the organization. They are the few key areas where things must go right for the business to flourish. If results in these areas are not adequate, the organization's efforts for the period will be less than desired."

He also concluded that CSFs are "areas of activity that should receive constant and careful attention from management."

Talking about critical success factor, last December 15, 2008, when we had our class in management information system 2 (MIS 2), one of the reported topics was about CSF and we were asked to identify the CSFs of our department which is the Institute of Computing (IC) but I was not able to answer not because I had no idea, but I just could not raise my hand (joke!).

So now that we have those definitions from the different sources, let us now proceed to its significance. After reading quite a few articles, from what I have understood, it is really important to identify the critical success factors of an organization or a project to have focused on things that must be observed all the way through and as what have stated in Wikipedia, key success factors generally include exceptional management. Therefore, identifying CSFs and managing it in an exceptional manner will lead the organization or a project to success.

What are these factors? Here are some of the critical success factors that were identified in Wikipedia:

• Money: positive cash flow, revenue growth, and profit margins.
• Your future: Acquiring new customers and/or distributors.
• Customer satisfaction: How happy are they?
• Quality: How good is your product and service?
• Product or service development: What's new that will increase business with existing customers and attract new ones?

Those factors that were stated above have helped me understand more about critical success factors. So, after defining the term, knowing its significance and showing some of the examples, to move on, here are now the steps for CSFs approach that were presented by Deborah Muckle in his presentation in Chapter 11: Information Systems Planning:

First, identify the firm’s primary mission and objectives that define satisfactory overall performance. Every organization has its mission or the reason why it exists which simply means its purpose and its objectives that support to accomplish its mission. Primarily, an organization exists to serve its stakeholders at its best. These stakeholders are the customers, employees, business partners, shareholders, and communities that benefit from the organization’s existence and growth. It is not easy or we can never identify the CSFs of an organization when they don’t even know their purpose of their existence. Why need to identify the CSFs when there is nothing to be accomplished? Think of that. As it has been said, purpose in life transcends self and gives meaning and satisfaction. It is important that the organization should also be specific with their vision, mission and objectives. Of course, there can never be an organization without its vision, mission and goals.

Second, executives identify the CSFs. After identifying the organization’s mission and objectives, and CSFs were also identified, the organization can now focus their efforts on the factors. Let me have an example, if I were to ask myself, why do I exist? What is my purpose here on earth? To achieve that purpose, what are the things that I need to improve or to have? Are my abilities enough?

It has been stated in Mind Tools site,
“By identifying your Critical Success Factors, you can create a common point of reference to help you direct and measure the success of your business or project.

As a common point of reference, CSFs help everyone in the team to know exactly what's most important. And this helps people perform their own work in the right context and so pull together towards the same overall aims.

Critical Success Factors are the areas of your business or project that are absolutely essential to it success. By identifying and communicating these CSFs, you can help ensure your business or project is well-focused and avoids wasting effort and resources on less important areas. By making CSFs explicit, and communicating them with everyone involved, you can help keep the business and project on track towards common aims and goals”

So, after reading the citation, I have now my realization, “Every living thing, no matter how small is in itself, a delight” How was that? You might confuse and wonder how the quote connected to the topic, for what? But then allow me to use it. Many of the organizations have a tendency to generalize their critical success factors that would lead them to a problem. When determining CSFs, it is suggested to be more specific because as what the quote trying to express, small things might be unnoticed without knowing that they are the important things. Just like viruses, they are so small that they cannot be seen through most microscopes however, they are contagious and dangerous. That is why the executives or managers of any organization should have a deep analysis on the organization’s CSFs. They have to consider the business needs when thinking about what really matter for the success. Once we have a list of CSFs, it is time to consider what is absolutely essential and so identify the truly critical success factors.

Next is to identify the pertinent indicators or measures of performance for each CSF; measurements could be either quantitative or qualitative. These pertinent indicators or measures of performance are what we called key performance indicator (KPI). “A critical success factor is not a key performance indicator (KPI). Critical success factors are elements that are vital for a strategy to be successful. KPIs are measures that quantify management objectives and enable the measurement of strategic performance” – stated in Wikipedia.

In order for the organization to determine how much they attain their objectives, KPIs are used. Like for example, if one of the CSFs of the organization is customer satisfaction, then the KPI now is the number of customers that are happy with the product or service. If we are talking about money, it could be the amount of revenue or the cash flows of the organization. Let me have another example, from the factor stated above, acquiring new customers and/or distributors, the number of new customers should be measured.

After the long analysis in identifying critical success factors and identifying the measures of performance for each CSF, lastly, decide which measures are most important than then makes sure that IS plans provide means for collecting and using this information. Organizations find ways or means enabling them to achieve their mission by doing necessary activities. As what I have said earlier, determining factors should be specific; it should be in sufficient detail to provide sufficient information for the plan to begin. The very reason why should develop an IS plan and why need to identify CSFs and that is for the organization to succeed. It has been said that it is not necessarily that all the measures are should be employed; instead, the organization is advised to weigh all the output measures and identify which measures are the most important. But that is not the end at all, after that, the decisions should go in to the IS plan and should be stated there the means using the information.

Let me share with you my observation from the previous assignments up to the present, the word success has been always there. We can always reason out that the organization should do that and do this, should have that and have this for the attainment of its success which is true. Even me as a person, I really wanted to succeed. When we say success, it is really broad and music to our ears. So to achieve success, we must always pay the price. It takes lot of courage and perseverance. For that reason, I could say, we all love success.

And for me to say, organization should identify the critical success factors within and control the factors that enable success and should overcome the factors that would hinder the success of its organization.

Jumping up to the conclusion, when a plan is to be implemented, it should be taken into consideration the critical success factors of the organization. As it was stated, CSFs are the things that must go right for a business to succeed. As I still remember, from the previous assignment I said that in developing information systems plan (ISP), there are several factors that must be considered. Each of which should not be taken for granted and should be well analyzed and planned and part of that are the CSFs.

References:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_success_factor

http://www.science.gmu.edu/~ahughes/MIS411f05Ch11Deborah.ppt

http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_80.htm

Purpose of Information Systems Planning (ISP) and its major challenges

Before I tell you my perception on the purpose of information systems planning (ISP) and its major challenges, I would like to share with you a short story that had happened to me last Thursday – December 11, 2008. While waiting for a bus, a woman moved toward me. She asked for my name and we had a little talk. Then she gave me a journal that entitled “SUCCESS, how can you achieve it?” While traveling, I was also reading the journal. It was really an awakening and it gave me the encouragement to continue in spite of this crucial environment.

Let me link the story to the question concerning the success of the organizations. Why organizations need to plan for their information system (IS) and why they continue developing it? Moreover, why do they have to invest a large amount in IS and information technology (IT)? If I were to identify the goal of those organizations taken as a whole, of course, as we all know, they really wanted to succeed (who does not?) Even us individuals want the same thing. So to answer the question, first, we need to know what is meant by IS and planning.

From the previous assignment, I had discussed the term information system and information systems plan (ISP) and was able to compare it with business planning, their relationship and the frequently experienced causes of frustration in IS professionals and users while working on an IS plan. This time, I need to restate the meaning of IS. Here we have the IS resources: including people, hardware and software. So for what are the resources? People – they are working on the data. Hardware – tools (e.g. computers) used by persons working in an organization in processing the data. Then we have software – computer programs or databases that are used to store or process data. All of them are working on the organization’s data and information. As what has been stated in Wikipedia – the term refers to a system of persons, data records and activities that process the data and information in an organization, and it includes organization’s manual and automated processes. Next, we have planning. Planning involves thinking ahead and designing future action. It provides us a scheme of our action.

After defining the two terms, let me now discuss about IS planning. It is the planning of IS for an organization. Assessing the information needs of an organization and defining the systems, databases and technologies that best satisfy those needs. It contains the goals, objectives and priorities of the organization and the strategies of improving the organization’s IS. What are the expected changes three or five years from now? What are the developments that the organization should have? Any improvement in the IS, it is expected that it would cater the needs in achieving the organization’s goals and as what I have learned from the previous assignment, it should be in accordance with business plan.

In developing an IS plan, there are several factors should take into consideration. Each of which should not be taken for granted and should be well analyzed and planned. First we have the IS resources such as the people, hardware and software. The people or the users should be able to understand and use the implemented system. It is one clear opportunity and it would benefit many users if user interface design were improved. To build better interfaces, more user involvement is needed in the interface design process. Designers should follow the interface guidelines that exist. User training will also help, especially if it addresses problem solving strategies that will help build self-efficacy. Even small changes in the interface can make a big impact on user satisfaction. Specific hardware and software products should always be evaluated. Does an organization need to change its hardware and/or the software they are using? Do they need an additional of it? What are the suitable hardware and software that would best cater the needs of the organization? How much are they needed? These are some of the questions that an IS professional must have in mind.

How could I able come up with those questions? Of course, after reading many articles about information system and information systems plan, I have now my ideas and there is no reason for me not to be able to construct those. Next is the financial statement of the organization. How much an organization needs? What are the alternatives that would help the organization supplement the insufficiency? Then we have the IS professionals. They should have the skills and the personality of a real IS professional and worthy to be called as IS professional. They should have patience, perseverance, and the knowledge, of course. For what they are called IS professional?

Why need IS plan? What is the purpose of IS planning? Organizations need to plan for their IS to make sure that it both complements and assists in the achievement of their business goals and that the use of scarce resources are maximized within a business. Other reason is to maximize the benefits of changing technology and to take account of the different viewpoints of business professionals and IT professionals. IS planning is never an easy task. That is why there are methods that IS professionals try to follow and standards they try to reach out in order to have a good outcome and that it should serve the company and the users the way it was expected.

It should support and control the technical system in which it should be maintained to avoid failures and degradation. The people that are involved should be committed by actively participating. It must be constructed and documented carefully. It should also consider the life span of the IS and not just the acquisition costs. It should support the organization’s goal, strategies, and a sense of balance between centralized and decentralized decision.

We should always look out for the desirable characteristics of an IS plan including the shortcomings of the organization and the solutions to those problems which should be for a long term and the proposals in order to have quality in the product. It should be well planned because together with business plan, they both have a significant impact and both working for the success of the organization.

While working on an IS plan, sometimes inevitable problems could occur and could lead IS professionals to frustration. Even in our everyday life, we always face problems and challenges. But that is not a problem because it is just a matter of positive thinking and character.

In today’s competitive world, there is a need to attain a higher level of competence in order to be more profitable. We have to face the reality that the presence of information technology infrastructures in business can at times have a dehumanizing effect on people. As the old saying goes, “Life is a constant change”. Information is always evolving same as technology. This is one of the reasons why organizations need to have an IS plan and continue developing it, innovating and make large investments in information technology and in information systems in order not to be left behind and to cater the best services to their customers.. Another thing is for them to become globally competitive. The level of intensity gave business firms a motivation to work a lot harder and have a healthy competition among the organizations.

After having the purpose of IS plan, let me now identify its major challenges. What are those? While searching on the net, I fortunately found the article that discussed about ISP and its major challenges. After reading the article, I decided to have those and include here. Taken from the site: http://www.science.gmu.edu/~ahughes/MIS411f05Ch11Deborah.ppt

The following are the major challenges that were presented by Deborah Muckle:

• Difficulty Foreseeing and Accessing Opportunities
• Difficulty Assuring Consistency w/Organizational Plans & Objectives
• Difficulty Building Systems
• Difficulty Maintaining Information System Performance
• Difficulty Collaborating with IT Professionals

What can I say about the major challenges that were stated above? To start with, let me have the first one. A system needs to be evaluated sequentially to identify what are the portions of it that need improvement. Therefore, it has to be flexible and extendible for easy alteration, and it should be for long-term use.

For the second one, because of the fast changing environment and the level of competency in the business world, in order not to be left behind and to keep on pace, organizations dreadfully keep on planning and innovating that they forgot that they are not on the track anymore. Others intend to keep on changing their plans. Well, I can say that I have no right to disapprove of what they are doing because I am not an IS professional. I am still a student but I am in the process of becoming so why not practice criticizing others works? It is not only to find faults; it is for the better. I still remember the excerpt from a book that says, “Use criticisms constructively, never fear it. If it is good criticism, you will learn a valuable lesson. If it is untrue or unkind criticism then just forget all about it”. So let me now continue the discussion about the second part. If possible, organizations should be consistent with their organizational plans and objectives. To do that, as what I have always said, profound analysis is greatly needed.

Next is about the difficulty in building systems. Developing an information systems plan is not really an easy task, same as developing systems to be implemented by the organization. A system analyst or a developer should make sure that the system would really suit to the needs of the organization. Moreover, they need to make sure that users would understand and be able to use the designed system.

Let me start the next by saying “No one is perfect” and things could go wrong. Clouds might obscure the sun for days on end. Why did I say that? Even IS professionals are not perfect so as the ISP and designed systems. Let us say the system works as it was expected but in reality, there can still be problems like less productivity, less flexibility and dissatisfaction of the customers or the users. There might solutions to these problems but still it could lead to another problem that is more expense for the preventive maintenance. So, without a thorough understanding of the problem and the needs of the organization and without knowledge of the best practices for organizing the required data, the implemented IS plan becomes an unwieldy beast that requires constant attention.

For the last stated major challenge, I would like to start by saying, “No man is an island”. Sometimes we need somebody’s help for we are not perfect and we can’t do everything. That is why IT professionals need to work with business professionals and vice versa. IT professionals know the different types of systems, best approaches and the capabilities while business professionals direct experience with business problems but must appreciate need to build a maintainable system. Therefore, the two should work together as a team for it is essential for system success.

The challenge of developing the right IS plan is one of the most daunting challenges faced by the organizations today. But real success as a person is within the reach of all but then, there never was, and there never will be, an easy way to achievement. We must always pay the price.

After all the discussions about the purpose and major challenges of information systems planning, let me tell you this – the success of the organization not solely depends and not just because of the IS plan but we have to take into consideration the human resources or the people working in the organization. Without them, there is no information system. Even if we can say that there are hardware such as computers and software or programs that are used to store, modify and retrieve data, they can’t work alone. So for me, we have to give importance to those people who are working for the success of the organization. Since Christmas is fast approaching, I wish that workers would be given incentives.

References:

http://www.science.gmu.edu/~ahughes/MIS411f05Ch11Deborah.ppt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systems

What are the two most frequently experienced causes of frustration in IS professionals and users while working on an IS plan?

Working on information systems (IS) plan takes patience and perseverance. In order to have a good outcome, IS professionals should do profound analysis and must consider a variety of factors. Without a thorough understanding of the problem and organization’s need the IS plan is intended to solve, and without knowledge of the best practices for organizing the required data, the implemented IS plan becomes an unwieldy beast that requires constant attention. Developing an IS plan is never an easy task. That is why there are methods that IS professionals try to follow and standards they try to thrash out. IS plan should serve the company and the users the way it is expected. Learning from my experience from the previous semester, IS professionals’ task does not end with a scrutiny of the information systems. Indeed, they must evaluate the entire message in terms of coherence, the quality of hanging together in the IS plan. To achieve its purpose, statements must be organized appropriately. They must be ordered in a logical manner and should support the business plan of the organization so that the transition between each one contributes to the overall objective of the plan. After answering the first question, my next purpose is to respond to the next question, “What are the two most frequently experienced causes of frustration in IS professionals and users while working on an IS plan?”

According to Freud, it is not simply the nature of the frustrating incident that determines how people will react to it. Rather, there is interplay between the situation and the psychological characteristics of individuals. The level of maturity of the individual also plays a part in the reactions to frustration (Barker, Dembo, & Lewin, 1965). With maturity, there is an increase in the variety of responses to a situation employed by individuals, in the control of the environment, and in their ability to employ problem-solving behavior and plan steps to obtain the goal. It would appear that learning, which is culturally determined, is a major factor in developing socially acceptable responses to frustration.

Frustration occurs when there is a condition, which interferes with or stops the realization of a goal. It makes us feel useless or worthless. Any interruption to our action or task can be very frustrating. Level of frustration experienced by an individual clearly can differ depending on the circumstances surrounding the frustrating experience and on the individuals themselves. There could be so many causes that lead an IS professional to frustration. Same thing happened to me. I made a list of my goals, when and how to attain those goals. I made my own schedule to help me budget my time and succeed in attaining the goals. But then the outcome was in contrast to what I had expected. I thought if I took those actions then all things would go right. This time, I should say that I am not a good planner but I will still keep on trying. I made a realization that the failure was not because I failed to plan and not because I planned to fail but there was something missing and I have to find out what it was. I learned from that experience and I should do the right thing next time.

Going back to the question, I need to identify the causes of frustrations not the frustrations itself. Similar to my experience, IS professionals fail to have a good plan. It might be because they are only focusing on one factor and others are taken for granted. Since we are dealing with information systems, that is why IS planning requires profound analysis and should consider all factors and all the necessary things that would contribute to the improvement. IS professionals may get tired of the unending revisions of IS plan, they should never ignore themselves be dominated by the feeling instead they should keep on working and let the perseverance power over.

My second idea on frequently experienced causes of frustration in IS professionals and users while working on an IS plan is the lack of support from the management or from the personnel. Without the support, the IS professionals efforts would end up in frustration.

New technologies are emerging and old ones are outdated. Many major technologies can have a life expectancy of less than five years. These pressures have resulted in a drive for new approaches to planning and managing information technology (IT) services. That is why many of the organizations right now are having a greater investment in IT and information systems (IS). This is now the moment that organizations would try to hire IS professionals to have analysis and improvement on their information systems to help them compete in the market.

Design systems by IS professionals could also frustrate users in the workplace. Users find it hard to understand and use the implemented system. This frustration can affect workplace productivity, user mood, and users’ interactions with other co-workers. It also can affect their emotional state. These frustrating experiences also harm organizations by undermining productivity, lowering quality, and raising stress levels. Improving user interface design is one clear opportunity and it would benefit many users. To build better interfaces, more user involvement is needed in the interface design process. Designers should follow the interface guidelines that exist. User training will also help, especially if it addresses problem solving strategies that will help build self-efficacy. Even small changes in the interface can make a big impact on user satisfaction. IS professionals should also be better situated as the intermediary and be able to get better information between users and vendors when understanding frustration in the workplace.

Frustration is a natural feeling after all. Even non IS professionals experience being frustrated. It happens all the time when we fail to take the action and/or fail to attain our goals. Our response to it should be adaptive. Adaptive responses are constructive and are implemented to solve the problem that is blocking goal attainment. They may include preemptive efforts to avoid the problem, or once the problem is encountered, problem solving strategies to overcome or circumvent the problem.

What should be the nature of the relationship between the business plan and the IS plan?

As an individual with goals, I always remind myself to have a plan for the attainment of those goals. List the information, knowledge, skills, arts, crafts and sciences I need to master to achieve my goals in life. I already have my list since we were given a task on how we see ourselves ten years from now and the strategies to get there. I am thankful because I made my goals more specific, it helped me clarify my thinking, and did put a meaning to my existence. I am no longer the product of certain inescapable conditions and circumstances. Thanks to our instructor. Same as I did, organizations do also have their plans. Why do we need a plan and why do we have to plan? We need a plan and we need to plan because it will provide us with a success consciousness so that we would know where we are going and how to prepare ourselves for the journey.

For now, my purpose is to answer the question, “What should be the nature of the relationship between the business plan and the information systems plan?” The starting point is to define each term and finding out their functions and significance before identifying the nature of the two plans.

After reading quite a few articles, I have now my response. So first, what is a business plan? A business plan contains statements of goals of the organization and means for the attainment of those goals and the reasons why they are believed attainable. It may also contain background information about the organization. However, as what has been stated in Wikipedia – there is no fixed content for a business plan. The content and format of a business plan would depend on the created goals and the audience to whom the plan will be presented and the context of presentation. A business plan should contain whatever information is needed to decide whether or not to pursue a goal. When do we say that our goals are attainable? When we define our goals, it should be within our reach, we should be realistic. As these words are coming out of my mind, I realized that the goals I have stated in our previous assignment were somewhat unattainable but I am not saying that I should eat my words.

Second, we need to define information systems plan. But before that, what is an information system? It is a system of persons, records of data and activities that process the data and information in an organization. It includes organization’s manual and automated processes. An information systems plan contains the goals and the means of improving the organization’s information system. What are the expected changes three or five years from now? What are the developments that the organization should have? People and information are the assets of business. How could information be processed without the people who are working on it? In addition, how could people work if there is no information to be processed? In creating an IS plan, every aspect of the organization should be well examined and thought-out. We should always look out for the desirable characteristics of an IS plan in order to have quality in our product. We may also include the shortcomings of the organization as well as the solutions to those problems and the proposals. These solutions should be for a long-term.

To share with you my gratitude, we were so lucky because we were given a task to make an IS plan for our chosen company in the previous semester. It was an achievement for me because we were able to finish it before the deadline. It might be a little bit stressful but it was informative and I had fun. That was a great experience. A sample of a proposal that was made by the group was the encouragement to have databases for the organization’s transactions. In the paper, we stated the reasons why the organization needs to have those databases and the advantages. How the organization would be benefited and other recommendations were also stated.

Going back to the real subject matter, after defining the two plans and identifying their functions, I should now state my idea on the nature of the relationship between the two. Business plan and information systems plan work together as a team. Without each, one could not work well. Knowing that business plan can be stated as the overall purpose of the organization while an IS plan works on the information system’s development of the organization, we can now say that business strategies are supported and stimulated by information strategies. Business goals and activities should be in accordance with the information systems that support them. Any improvement in the information systems, would it be hardware, software or peopleware is expected that it would cater the needs in achieving the organization’s goals.

In today’s competitive world, there is a need to attain a higher level of competence in order to be more marketable. The presence of machines in business can at times have a dehumanizing effect on people, but we have to face the reality. This is the reason why business firms keep on developing plans, innovating and make large investments in information technology and in information systems in order not to be left behind and to cater the best service to their customers. The level of intensity gave business firms a motivation to work a lot harder and have a healthy competition among the firms.

Business and IS plan should be well planned. Each of which should never be taken for granted because they both have a significant impact and both working for the success of the organization. If I were to use an idiomatic expression to describe the relationship of the two plans, I would say that they do have this “mutual understanding”. How could I say that? Of course, as what I have stated, they work in accordance with one another. If I were to pinpoint the general purpose of the two plans, that would be the success of the organization. I am not saying as an expert because I am not. My words are based on my perspective.